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- In operation since 1955, this has the task of ensuring that the laws enacted by parliament do not conflict with the constitution of the Republic, and of settling conflicts between regional and state powers. It is made up of judges and legal experts chosen by parliament and by the President of the Republic. It is based in Rome, in the Palazzo della Consulta (the name of a papal institution), next to the Palazzo del Quirinale. In the media la Consulta is used to mean the Corte Costituzionale.
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- The Italian civil and penal codes, like those of the other countries in continental Europe, took as their model the French Napoleonic Code (civil code) of 1804 and subsequent codes enacted by Napoleon. These went beyond the common rights which had emerged in medieval times from Roman law and reworked them according to the enlightened principles of the French Revolution. In the newly unified Italian state, born in 1861, the codes of the various former states were brought together in 1865 to make up the civil code, the code of civil procedure and the code of penal procedure (on the French model) and in 1889 for the penal code. The new codes of the 20th century followed this trend, with some modifications.
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- The head of state who represents the nation. He or she is elected by parliament and remains in office for seven years. As Italy is a parliamentary republic the duties of the president are: to enact laws, to dissolve parliament and call new elections when necessary, to nominate the prime minister and ratify his choice of the ministers, and to grant pardons. He or she also chairs the body which oversees the appointment of judges.
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