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- This fundamental body of laws of the Italian Republic (also called the Carta costituzionale) has been in force since 1st January 1948. It was drawn up between 1946 and 1947 by a Constituent Assembly elected by the people, on the basis of the principles of liberty, equality and democracy. The compliance of individual laws with the constitution is controlled by a special body.
- Prima repubblica
- This is the name given to the system of political power, often based on corruption and the illegal financing of parties, which collapsed in 1992-93 following the scandals which emerged from the Mani pulite inquiry, but also because of the fading of the ideological contrasts of the Cold War. The major government parties of the time, including in particular the Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats) and the Partito Socialista (Socialist Party), were disbanded and new parties which are still active today took their place.
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- Italy continues to have a problem with grouping political tendencies into a few large parties. There are still a large number of Italian political parties, divided into three broad areas: left, right and centre. The centre was the cornerstone of political life in the “First Republic”, but is divided nowadays: some minor Catholic parties (La Margherita, UDC, Udeur) line up with the left, in the alliance called L'Ulivo (the Olive Tree) and then L'Unione (the Union), others with the right, in the alliance called the Casa delle Libertà (House of Liberties). On the left are the Democratici di sinistra (DS), the ex-Communists who have abandoned Marxism, the more radical Partito della rifondazione comunista (PRC) and the Ecologists, the “Greens”. On the right the Alleanza Nazionale (AN), the ex-Neofascist party, and the Lega Nord (Northern League) with its separatist and xenophobic tendencies. Forza Italia (FI), the large centre-right party, has brought together ex-Christian Democrats, Socialists and Liberals.
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- The head of state who represents the nation. He or she is elected by parliament and remains in office for seven years. As Italy is a parliamentary republic the duties of the president are: to enact laws, to dissolve parliament and call new elections when necessary, to nominate the prime minister and ratify his choice of the ministers, and to grant pardons. He or she also chairs the body which oversees the appointment of judges.






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