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- This is the name given to the system of political power, often based on corruption and the illegal financing of parties, which collapsed in 1992-93 following the scandals which emerged from the Mani pulite inquiry, but also because of the fading of the ideological contrasts of the Cold War. The major government parties of the time, including in particular the Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats) and the Partito Socialista (Socialist Party), were disbanded and new parties which are still active today took their place.
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- On 8th September 1943 Italy, Hitler's ally, surrendered to the British and American forces. The Germans reacted immediately by invading most of the peninsula, which had not yet been occupied by the allies, and installed a regime of harsh oppression against their former ally. Soldiers from the disbanded army and anti-fascist civilians got together in partisan divisions and fought against the Germans and their fascist collaborators, behind the front, until Liberation in 1945. The ideals of liberty and democracy that the partisans were fighting for, and their unity of action notwithstanding their different political ideas, were the foundation for the new Italian republic born after the war. For this reason the Resistance continues to hold a strong political resonance even today.
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