hold back στο Ιταλικό λεξικό Oxford-Paravia

Μεταφράσεις για hold back στο λεξικό Αγγλικά»Ιταλικά

I.hold back ΡΉΜΑ [həʊld -] (hold back)

hold back

trattenersi

to hold back from doing

trattenersi dal fare

II.hold back ΡΉΜΑ [həʊld -] (hold [sb, sth] back, hold back [sb, sth])

1. hold back (restrain):

hold back water, tide, crowd, animals, tears

trattenere

hold back hair

legare

hold back person

trattenere, fermare

hold back feelings

soffocare

hold back anger

contenere

to hold back one's laughter

trattenere una risata

2. hold back (prevent progress of):

hold back person: person, group

tenere indietro, trattenere

hold back background, poor education: person

impedire il miglioramento di

hold back production, progress, development

ritardare

hold back person, company: payment

differire

3. hold back person, government, organization:

hold back (withhold) information, result

nascondere

hold back (to protect privacy) name, information, identity

non rendere pubblico, non rivelare

Μεταφράσεις για hold back στο λεξικό Ιταλικά»Αγγλικά

ingoiare (reprimere)

to hold back

Μεταφράσεις για hold back στο λεξικό Αγγλικά»Ιταλικά

I.hold¹ <παρελθ held, μετ παρακειμ held, holden αρχαϊκ> [βρετ həʊld, αμερικ hoʊld] ΡΉΜΑ μεταβ

1. hold (clasp):

hold object, hand, person

tenere (above, over sopra; against contro)

to hold sth in one's hand brush, pencil, stick

tenere [qc] in mano

to hold sth in one's hand (enclosed) button, coin, sweet

stringere [qc] in mano

to hold sth, sb by handle, stem, sleeve, leg

tenere qc, qn per

to hold one's stomach, head (in pain)

tenersi la pancia, la testa (per il dolore)

to hold sb (in one's arms)

tenere qn tra le braccia

to hold each other

abbracciarsi

can you hold my bag for me?

puoi tenermi la borsa?

2. hold (maintain):

to hold one's head upright, still

tenere la testa diritta, immobile

to hold one's hands still

tenere le mani immobili

to hold a pose, smile

stare in posa, continuare a sorridere

to hold sth in place or position

tenere qc a posto

to hold one's speed

mantenere la stessa velocità

3. hold (arrange):

hold meeting, talks

tenere, organizzare

hold competition, ballot, demonstration, course, election, exhibition

organizzare

hold party, reception, show

dare, organizzare

hold conversation

tenere

hold church service

celebrare

hold enquiry

condurre

hold personnel officer: interview

fare

to be held

avere luogo or tenersi

4. hold (have capacity for):

hold box, case, tank: objects, amount

(potere) contenere

hold theatre, room: 350 people

avere una capacità di, (potere) contenere

the bus holds ten (people)

il pulmino può trasportare 10 persone

to (be able to) hold one's drink or liquor

reggere l'alcol

5. hold (contain) drawer, cupboard, box, case:

hold objects, possessions

contenere

6. hold (support) shelf, fridge, branch, roof:

hold weight, load, crate

reggere

the branch won't hold you

il ramo non ti regge

7. hold (restrain):

hold dam, wall: water, flood waters

trattenere

hold person: dog

tenere

hold thief

trattenere

there is or there'll be no holding him μτφ

non lo tiene nessuno

8. hold (keep against will):

hold police: person

trattenere

hold kidnappers: person

tenere (in ostaggio)

to hold sb prisoner, hostage

tenere qn prigioniero, in ostaggio

9. hold (possess):

hold shares, power, playing card, degree

possedere, avere

hold record, sporting title, cup

detenere

hold job, position

occupare

hold ticket, passport, licence

avere, essere in possesso di

hold title

avere

hold ΝΟΜ bank, computer, police, solicitor: document, information, money

conservare

hold mortgage

avere

10. hold (keep back):

hold place, seat, ticket

tenere

hold train, flight

fare aspettare

hold letter

tenere, non inviare

hold order

tenere in sospeso

hold it! οικ

un momento! aspetta un attimo!

hold everything!

fermate tutto!

two burgers, but hold the mustard!

due hamburger, senza mostarda!

11. hold (believe):

hold opinion, belief

avere

to hold sb, sth to be

ritenere che qn, qc sia

to hold that … person:

pensare che …

to hold that … law:

dire che …

to hold that … theory:

sostenere che …

to hold sb liable or responsible

ritenere qn responsabile

12. hold:

hold (defend successfully) ΣΤΡΑΤ territory, city, bridge

tenere

hold ΠΟΛΙΤ, ΑΘΛ title

conservare

hold title

mantenere

hold seat, lead, position

mantenere

(in tennis) to hold one's serve or service

mantenere il servizio

to hold one's own person, army:

tenere duro, non demordere (against davanti)

13. hold (captivate):

hold person, audience, class

tenere desta l'attenzione di

hold attention, interest

attirare

14. hold ΤΗΛ:

to hold the line

attendere or restare in linea

can you hold the line please

attenda in linea per favore

15. hold ΜΟΥΣ:

hold note

tenere (for per)

16. hold ΑΥΤΟΚΙΝΗΤΟΔΡ:

to hold the road

tenere la strada

II.hold¹ <παρελθ held, μετ παρακειμ held, holden αρχαϊκ> [βρετ həʊld, αμερικ hoʊld] ΡΉΜΑ αμετάβ

1. hold (remain intact):

hold rope, shelf, bridge, dam, glue:

tenere

2. hold:

μτφ also hold good theory, offer, objection:

reggere

μτφ also hold good law:

durare, resistere nel tempo

3. hold (continue):

hold weather:

tenere, mantenersi

hold luck:

durare

4. hold ΤΗΛ:

hold

attendere (in linea)

5. hold (remain steady):

hold still!

stai fermo!

III.to hold oneself ΡΉΜΑ αυτοπ ρήμα

to hold oneself <παρελθ held, μετ παρακειμ held, holden αρχαϊκ >:

to hold oneself upright, well

tenersi diritto, bene su

IV.hold¹ [βρετ həʊld, αμερικ hoʊld] ΟΥΣ

1. hold (grasp, grip):

hold

presa θηλ

to get hold of rope, handle

afferrare

to keep (a) hold of or on ball

mantenere la presa su

to keep (a) hold of or on rail, hand

tenersi stretto a

to catch or grab or grasp or seize or take hold of

afferrare

2. hold (possession):

to get hold of book, ticket, document, information

procurarsi

to get hold of press: story

venire a conoscenza di, venire a sapere

to get hold of details, information

scoprire

3. hold (contact):

to get hold of (by phone) person

chiamare, contattare

to get hold of (by other means) person

contattare

4. hold (control):

hold

controllo αρσ

hold

influenza θηλ

hold

ascendente αρσ (on, over su)

to have a hold on or over sb

avere ascendente su qn

to get a hold of oneself

riprendersi

5. hold ΑΘΛ (in wrestling):

hold

presa θηλ

to have sb in a hold

eseguire una presa su qn

6. hold (of hairspray, gel):

hold

fissaggio αρσ

normal, extra hold

fissaggio normale, forte

7. hold ΤΗΛ:

on hold

in attesa

to put sb on hold ΤΗΛ

mettere qn in attesa

to put a call on hold ΤΗΛ

mettere una chiamata in attesa

to put one's plan, a project on hold

rimandare or sospendere momentaneamente un progetto

hold² [βρετ həʊld, αμερικ hoʊld] ΟΥΣ

hold (storage, area) ΑΕΡΟ

bagagliaio αρσ

hold ΝΑΥΣ

stiva θηλ

I.back [βρετ bak, αμερικ bæk] ΟΥΣ

1. back:

back

schiena θηλ

back

dorso αρσ

back ΖΩΟΛ

dorso αρσ

back ΖΩΟΛ

groppa θηλ

to be (flat) on one's back

essere, stare (coricato) sulla schiena, supino

to be (flat) on one's back μτφ

essere a letto

to sleep on one's back

dormire sulla schiena or supino or a pancia in su

he was lying on his back

era coricato sulla schiena or a pancia in su

to travel on the back of a donkey

viaggiare in groppa a un asino or a dorso d'asino

to have one's back to sb, sth

volgere or dare le spalle a qn, qc

with her back to the door

con la schiena rivolta verso la porta

to turn one's back on sb, sth

voltare le spalle, la schiena a qn, qc also μτφ

as soon as my back is turned

appena giro le spalle

to do sth behind sb's back

fare qc alle spalle di qn also μτφ

with one's back to the engine

in senso contrario a quello di marcia

to put one's back into it οικ

darci dentro or mettercela tutta

put your back into it! οικ

dacci dentro!

he's always on my back οικ

mi sta sempre addosso

get off my back! οικ

lasciami in pace!

I was glad to see the back of him

fui felice di non doverlo più vedere

to be at the back of conspiracy, proposal

essere dietro a

to put sb's back up

irritare qn

to live off sb's back

vivere alle spalle di qn

2. back (reverse side):

back (of page, cheque, card, envelope)

retro αρσ

back (of fabric, medal, coin)

rovescio αρσ

on the back of an envelope

sul retro di una busta

to sign the back of a cheque

girare un assegno

the back of the hand

il dorso della mano

3. back (flat side):

back (of knife, fork, spoon)

dorso αρσ

4. back (rear-facing part):

back (of vehicle, electrical appliance)

parte θηλ posteriore

back (of shirt, coat)

dietro αρσ

to hang one's coat on the back of the door

appendere il cappotto dietro la porta

the shelves are oak but the back is plywood

i ripiani sono di quercia, ma il fondo è di compensato

a blow to the back of the head

un colpo alla nuca

a lump on the back of the head

un bernoccolo sulla parte posteriore della testa

the knife fell down the back of the fridge

il coltello è caduto dietro il frigorifero

5. back (area behind building):

to be out back, to be in the back αμερικ (in the garden)

essere in giardino

to be out back, to be in the back (in the yard)

essere in cortile

he's round, in the back

è in giardino

the view out back is lovely

la vista sul retro è bellissima

there's a small garden out back or round the back

c'è un piccolo giardino sul retro

the bins are out back or round the back

i bidoni sono sul retro or dietro la casa

the steps at the back of the building

la scala sul retro dell'edificio

6. back ΑΥΤΟΚΙΝΗΤΟΔΡ:

to sit in the back

sedersi dietro

there are three children in the back

ci sono tre bambini dietro

to sit at the back of the plane, at the back of the bus

sedersi in fondo all'aereo, all'autobus

7. back (furthest away area):

back (of cupboard, drawer, fridge)

fondo αρσ

back (of stage)

sfondo αρσ

at or in the back of the drawer

in fondo al cassetto

right at the back of the cupboard

proprio in fondo all'armadio

at the back of the audience

in fondo alla sala

those at the back couldn't see

quelli in fondo non riuscivano a vedere

the back of the throat

la parte posteriore della gola

the back of the mouth

il retrobocca

8. back (of chair, sofa):

back

schienale αρσ

the keys were down the back of the sofa

le chiavi si erano infilate dietro lo schienale del divano

9. back ΑΘΛ:

back

difensore αρσ

back

terzino αρσ

left back

difensore or terzino sinistro

10. back (end):

back

fine θηλ

back

fondo αρσ

at the back of the book, file

alla fine del libro, del file

11. back (book spine):

back

dorso αρσ

back

costola θηλ

II.back [βρετ bak, αμερικ bæk] ΕΠΊΘ

1. back (at the rear):

back axle, wheel, bumper, paw, leg, edge

posteriore

back axle, wheel, bumper, paw, leg, edge

di dietro οικ

back bedroom, garden, gate

sul retro

back page

ultimo

2. back (isolated):

back road

secondario

back alley, lane

vicolo, viuzza

III.back [βρετ bak, αμερικ bæk] ΕΠΊΡΡ

1. back (indicating return after absence):

to be back

essere di ritorno, tornare

I'll be back in five minutes, six weeks

sarò di ritorno tra cinque minuti, sei settimane

to arrive or come back

tornare (indietro) (from da)

he's back at work

è tornato al lavoro or ha ripreso a lavorare

she's back in (the) hospital

è di nuovo in ospedale or è tornata in ospedale

it's good to be back home

è bello essere di nuovo a casa

when is he due back?

quando deve tornare?

to go back to work

riprendere

to go back to Italy, Canada, office

(ri)tornare in

to go back to Turin, shop, restaurant

(ri)tornare a

the mini-skirt is back (in fashion)

la minigonna è di nuovo di moda

2. back (in return):

to call, phone back

richiamare, ritelefonare

I'll write back (to him)

risponderò alla sua lettera

he hasn't written back yet

non mi ha ancora risposto

“OK”, he shouted back

“OK”, rispose gridando

to punch sb back

restituire un pugno a qn

to smile back at sb

ricambiare un sorriso a qn

he was rude back

sono stata maleducata con lui e lui lo è stato con me

to answer back

ribattere

to answer sb back

rispondere (male) a qn

3. back (backwards, in a reverse direction):

back glance, step, lean

indietro

back jump

(all')indietro

4. back (away):

we overtook him 20 km back

l'abbiamo sorpassato 20 km fa

there's a garage 10 km back

c'è un meccanico 10 km indietro

5. back (ago):

25 years back

25 anni fa

a week, five minutes back

una settimana, cinque minuti prima or fa

6. back (a long time ago):

back in 1964, April

nel 1964, ad aprile

back before Easter, the revolution

prima di Pasqua, prima della rivoluzione

back in the days when

ai tempi in cui

it was obvious as far back as last year, 1985 that …

era già evidente l'anno scorso, nel 1985 che …

to go or date back to Roman times, 1700

risalire a

7. back (once again):

she's back in power, control

ha ripreso il potere, il controllo

Paul is back at the wheel

Paul è tornato al volante

to get back to sleep

riaddormentarsi

to go back home

tornare a casa

to go back to bed

tornare a letto, ricoricarsi

8. back (nearer the beginning):

ten lines back

dieci righe più su

ten pages back

dieci pagine indietro, fa

9. back (indicating return to sb's possession):

to give, send sth back

rendere, rispedire qc (to a)

to put sth back

rimettere a posto qc

I've got my books back

ho riavuto i miei libri

to get one's money back

essere rimborsato

he wants his dictionary back now

vuole indietro il suo dizionario adesso

10. back (expressing a return to a former location):

to travel to London and back

andare e tornare da Londra

the journey to Madrid and back

il viaggio a Madrid e ritorno

we walked there and took the train back

(ci) siamo andati a piedi e siamo tornati in treno

how long will it take to drive back?

quanto ci vorrà per tornare (in auto)?

11. back (in a different location):

meanwhile, back in Italy, he…

nel frattempo, in Italia, lui…

back in the studio, recording had begun

intanto allo studio era cominciata la registrazione

I'll see you back at the house, in the office

ci rivediamo a casa, in ufficio

ιδιωτισμοί:

back and forth to go, travel back and forth (commute) person, bus

fare la spola (between tra)

to walk, go back and forth

andare avanti e indietro (between tra)

to swing back and forth pendulum

oscillare (avanti e indietro)

to sway back and forth

dondolare avanti e indietro

the film cuts or moves back and forth between New York and Rome

il film si svolge tra New York e Roma

IV.back [βρετ bak, αμερικ bæk] ΡΉΜΑ μεταβ

1. back (support):

back candidate, party, person, bid, bill, action, enterprise, project

sostenere, appoggiare

back application

appoggiare

the strike is backed by the union

lo sciopero è appoggiato dal sindacato

the junta is backed by the militia

la giunta ha l'appoggio della milizia

2. back (finance):

back project, undertaking

finanziare

3. back (endorse):

back currency

sostenere

to back a bill ΕΜΠΌΡ, ΟΙΚΟΝ

avallare una cambiale

4. back (substantiate):

back argument, claim

suffragare, convalidare (with con)

5. back (reverse):

back horse

fare rinculare, fare indietreggiare

to back the car into the garage

mettere la macchina in garage a marcia indietro

to back sb into, against sth

fare indietreggiare qn fino dentro, contro qc

to back oars, water

sciare, remare all'indietro

6. back (bet on):

back horse, favourite, winner

puntare, scommettere su

to back a loser race goer:

puntare sul cavallo perdente

to back a loser (invest ill-advisedly)

investire in modo sconsiderato

to back a loser (support a lost cause)

sostenere una causa persa

to back the wrong horse

puntare sul cavallo perdente also μτφ

7. back (stiffen, line):

back structure

rinforzare

back book

foderare

back painting

rinforzare, rintelare

back fabric

intelare, foderare

8. back ΜΟΥΣ:

back singer, performer

accompagnare

9. back ΝΑΥΣ:

back sail

accollare, bracciare

V.back [βρετ bak, αμερικ bæk] ΡΉΜΑ αμετάβ

1. back (reverse):

back

fare marcia indietro

2. back ΝΑΥΣ:

back wind:

cambiare direzione

VI.back [βρετ bak, αμερικ bæk]

to break the back of a journey, task

fare il grosso di un viaggio, di un lavoro

to be in the back of beyond house, farm:

essere in capo al mondo or a casa del diavolo

to live in the back of beyond

vivere in capo al mondo or a casa del diavolo

it's like water off a duck's back

= non ha alcun effetto

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

una mano lava l'altra

to have one's back to the wall

essere con le spalle al muro

to get one's own back

vendicarsi (on sb di qn)

back in the day

ai tempi

back in the day

a quei tempi

hold back στο λεξικό PONS

Μεταφράσεις για hold back στο λεξικό Αγγλικά»Ιταλικά

I.hold back ΡΉΜΑ μεταβ

hold back (keep):

hold back

trattenere

to hold back information

non dare informazioni

to hold back information (stop)

fermare

to hold back information (impede development)

frenare

to hold back tears

trattenere le lacrime

ιδιωτισμοί:

there's no holding me back

non mi trattiene niente

II.hold back ΡΉΜΑ αμετάβ

1. hold back (be unforthcoming):

hold back

essere reticente

2. hold back (refrain):

to hold back from doing sth

trattenersi dal fare qc

Μεταφράσεις για hold back στο λεξικό Ιταλικά»Αγγλικά

frenare

to hold back

contenere (trattenere: lacrime)

to hold back

ricacciarsi

to hold back

Μεταφράσεις για hold back στο λεξικό Αγγλικά»Ιταλικά

I.hold [hoʊld] ΟΥΣ

1. hold (grasp, grip):

hold

presa θηλ

to take hold of sb/sth

afferrare qu/qc

to catch hold of sb/sth

afferrare qu/qc

to keep hold of sth

tenersi a qc

2. hold (thing to hold by):

hold

appiglio αρσ

3. hold (wrestling):

hold

presa θηλ

no holds barred μτφ

senza restrizioni

4. hold (control):

hold

influenza θηλ

to have a (strong/powerful) hold over sb

avere (molta/grande) influenza su qu

5. hold ΝΑΥΣ, ΑΕΡΟ:

hold

stiva θηλ

6. hold (delayed):

to be on hold

essere rimandato

to be on hold ΤΗΛ

essere in attesa

to put sb on hold

mettere qu in attesa

7. hold (understand):

to get hold of sth

afferrare qc

to have a hold of sth

avere un'idea di qc

to get hold of the wrong idea

sbagliarsi

I don't know where you got hold of that idea

non so da dove ti sia venuta un'idea del genere

8. hold (prison cell):

hold

guardina θηλ

II.hold <held, held> [hoʊld] ΡΉΜΑ μεταβ

1. hold:

hold (keep)

tenere

hold (grasp)

afferrare

to hold a gun

impugnare una pistola

to hold hands

tenersi per mano

to hold sth in one's hand

tenere qc in mano

to hold sb in one's arms

stringere qu tra le braccia

to hold sb/sth (tight)

stringere (forte) qu/qc

to hold the door open for sb

tenere la porta aperta a qu

2. hold (support):

hold

reggere

to hold one's head high

tenere alta la testa

3. hold (cover up):

to hold one's ears/nose

turarsi le orecchie/il naso

4. hold (keep, retain):

hold

mantenere

to hold sb's attention

tenere viva l'attenzione di qu

to hold sb in custody ΝΟΜ

trattenere qu in custodia cautelare

to hold sb hostage

tenere qu in ostaggio

to hold (on to) the lead

mantenere il vantaggio

5. hold (maintain):

to hold oneself in readiness

tenersi pronto

to hold oneself well

tenersi in forma

6. hold (make keep to):

to hold sb to his/her word [or promise]

far mantenere a qu la parola [o la promessa]

7. hold (control):

to hold sth at the present/last year's level

mantenere qc al livello attuale/dell'anno scorso

to hold a note ΜΟΥΣ

tenere una nota

8. hold (delay, stop):

hold

fermare

hold it!

un attimo!

to hold one's breath

trattenere il respiro

to hold one's fire ΣΤΡΑΤ

non fare fuoco

to hold sb's phone calls ΤΗΛ

non passare alcuna chiamata a qu

9. hold (contain):

hold

contenere

what the future holds

ciò che ci riserva il futuro

10. hold (possess, own):

hold

possedere

hold land, town

occupare

to hold an account (with a bank)

avere un conto (presso una banca)

to hold the (absolute) majority

avere la maggioranza (assoluta)

to hold a position (as sth)

ricoprire un incarico (di qc)

to hold (down) the fort ΣΤΡΑΤ

resistere

to hold (down) the fort μτφ

badare a tutto

11. hold (make happen):

to hold a conversation (with sb)

avere una conversazione (con qu)

to hold a meeting/a news conference

tenere una riunione/una conferenza stampa

the election will be held in November

le elezioni si terranno a novembre

12. hold (believe):

hold

considerare

to be held in great respect

essere assai rispettato

to hold sb responsible for sth

ritenere qu responsabile di qc

to hold sb/sth in contempt

disprezzare qu/qc

III.hold [hoʊld] ΡΉΜΑ αμετάβ

1. hold (continue):

hold

mantenere

hold good weather, luck

durare

to hold still

stare fermo

to hold true

continuare ad essere valido

hold tight!

tieni duro!

2. hold (stick):

hold

tenere

3. hold (believe):

hold

sostenere

I.back [bæk] ΟΥΣ

1. back:

back (opposite of front)

dietro αρσ

back of a hand

dorso αρσ

back of a chair

schienale αρσ

back (of fabric)

rovescio αρσ

back of a piece of paper, envelope

retro αρσ

back to front

al contrario

to know sth back to front

sapere qc a menadito

2. back (end):

back of a book

fine αρσ

3. back ΑΝΑΤ:

back

schiena θηλ

back of an animal

dorso αρσ

to be on one's back

stare a pancia in su

to break one's back οικ

spaccarsi la schiena

to do sth behind sb's back a. μτφ

fare qc alle spalle di qu

to turn one's back on sb

girare le spalle a qu

to turn one's back on sb μτφ

abbandonare qu

4. back ΑΘΛ:

back

difesa θηλ

ιδιωτισμοί:

to know sth like the back of one's hand

conoscere qc a menadito οικ

to have one's back against the wall

essere con le spalle al muro

you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours

una mano lava l'altra

to stab sb in the back

pugnalare qc alle spalle

II.back [bæk] ΕΠΊΘ (rear)

back

posteriore

III.back [bæk] ΕΠΊΡΡ

1. back:

to be back

essere di ritorno

to come back

tornare

to want sb back

desiderare che qu torni

I want the money back

rivoglio i miei soldi

to bring back memories

far venire in mente ricordi

2. back (to the rear, behind):

back

dietro

back and forth

avanti e indietro

to look back

pensare al passato

to sit back

rilassarsi

3. back (in return):

back

indietro

4. back (into the past):

back

fa

IV.back [bæk] ΡΉΜΑ μεταβ

back

appoggiare

Μονόγλωσσα παραδείγματα (μη ελεγχόμενα από το λεξικογραφικό τμήμα)

Αγγλικά

These moments did nt feel forced, so kudos to the cast for knowing when to hold back on the humora mark of a great sitcom.

en.wikipedia.org

Known for rebelling against authority, she speaks the truth and doesn't hold back, to the expense of the four new friends she's made.

en.wikipedia.org

However, the messenger carrying the confirmation could face capture and the second general may hesitate, knowing that the first might hold back without the confirmation.

en.wikipedia.org

Jan even tries to leave the island several times, but is always hold back.

en.wikipedia.org

He has learnt over the years to hold back against his natural impatience - he does like things to move.

en.wikipedia.org

An upstream reservoir to hold back flood water was also proposed.

en.wikipedia.org

She is a warm and compassionate person who was disillusioned early in life when she realized that she could not hold back death.

en.wikipedia.org

More than sixty fire engines, nineteen planes and helicopters, and hundreds of firefighters as well as locals attempted to hold back the fire.

en.wikipedia.org

When the wind is blowing strongly, nearby hydroelectric plants can temporarily hold back their water.

en.wikipedia.org

This gives them a special sensitivity in relationships, knowing when to show warmth and when to hold back.

en.wikipedia.org