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- This is the area of the Veneto, Trentino and Friuli regions. In the 1990s a hugely successful model of industrial development established itself here with the rapid burgeoning (especially around Vicenza and Treviso) of a number of small and medium-sized businesses, mainly dealing with textiles, footwear and mechanical goods, all with high exports. Later the “northeast model” was debated because of the imbalances it gave rise to (damage to the environment, lack of a general development plan for society, lack of professional training for workers). Today it is in difficulties in the face of globalized competitors and no longer seems to be the winning alternative to the northwest's traditional industrial areas.
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- This is the Northern part of the Trentino-Alto Adige region, made up of the province of Bolzano, which passed to Italy after World War I. In German it is called the Südtirol. Most of the population are of German ethnicity and speak German. Since 1948 it has enjoyed a special autonomy, which was further strengthened in 1972: place names are given in German and Italian and civil servants have to pass a bilingual examination. School lessons are held exclusively in German for those of German extraction, and in Italian for those of Italian extraction. This ethnic separation for education should change in the future, giving way to true bilingualism.
- Trentino
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