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- The upper house of the Italian Parliament. Since the recent reforms, it has been known as the Senato federale (federal senate) and the number of senators has been cut from 315 to 252, elected by universal suffrage by citizens over 25 years of age. Senators must be at least 40 years old. The seats are elected on a regional basis, i.e. they are split between the regions in proportion to population. The elected senators are joined by ex-heads of state and life senators nominated by the President of the Republic from people who have given exceptional service to the country in the scientific, social, artistic or literary fields.
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- The head of state who represents the nation. He or she is elected by parliament and remains in office for seven years. As Italy is a parliamentary republic the duties of the president are: to enact laws, to dissolve parliament and call new elections when necessary, to nominate the prime minister and ratify his choice of the ministers, and to grant pardons. He or she also chairs the body which oversees the appointment of judges.


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