



- garibaldino (garibaldina)
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- In May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily set off in two ships loaded with just over a thousand volunteers. In October, at the end of the campaign, when Garibaldi delivered the south, taken from the Bourbons, to King Vittorio Emanuele, the camicie rosse (Red shirts) had become much greater in number, but the one thousand who had set off from Quarto, near Genoa, remained the symbol of the best-known event in the Italian Risorgimento. As such they are still remembered today in the street names of many Italian towns.
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- This is the name given to the historic period of struggle for independence and Italian unity from its first movements (1820-21, 1831) to the insurrections and wars 1848-66. The major events were the three wars of independence against the Austro-Hungarians (1848-49, 1859 and 1866) and the expedition of Garibaldi's Thousand in 1860. The moderate monarchist line prevailed over the republican revolutionary tendency of Giuseppe Mazzini, and the House of Savoy took the throne of Italy in 1861. Rome became the capital in 1871.
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- Since 1946 the Italian national anthem has been the Inno di Mameli, named after the writer of the lyrics, the poet and patriot Goffredo Mameli, who died at the age of 22 in 1849 while fighting with Garibaldi to defend the Roman republic. It is more commonly known as Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy) from its first lines: Fratelli d'Italia, / l'Italia s'è desta / dell'elmo di Scipio / s'è cinta la testa (Brothers of Italy, / Italy has arisen / with Scipio's helmet / binding her head). All Italians know the tune (written by choirmaster Michele Novaro, a friend of Mameli's), but very few know all the words by heart (5 verses in all).
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