αγγλικά
ισπανικά
ισπανικά
αγγλικά
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- The Catalan national day, September 11. The Diada celebrates the historical development of the Catalan government, the Generalitat, which has been abolished and restored several times and is symbolic of Catalan nationalism. On this day senyeras, Catalan national flags, are flown from many houses and official buildings. Flowers are laid at the monument to Rafael de Casanovas, who died defending Catalan freedom against centralist Spain, and the national anthem of Catalonia, Els Segadors, is sung.
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- The name of the autonomous governments of Catalonia and Valencia. A great deal of power has now been transferred to them from central government.
The medieval term generalitat was revived in 1932, when Catalonia voted for its own devolved government. After the Civil War, it was abolished by Franco but was restored in 1978, with the establishment of comunidades autónomas comunidad autónoma. The Valencian Generalitat is keen to preserve the traditions of the region from Catalan influence.
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- In Spain, the colloquial term for compulsory military service. Abolished in 2001, it was for years an important factor in Spanish life. It was once an opportunity for many people to leave their home town and learn to read and write. One could avoid la mili by declaring oneself an objetor de conciencia. Objectors did community service prestación social sustitutoria. Those who refused to do this were called insumisos → insumiso
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- Spain's War of Independence against Napoleon Bonaparte's French occupation was ignited by the popular revolt in Madrid on 2 May 1808 against the French army. The reprisal executions are commemorated in a famous painting by Francisco de Goya. With support from the Duke of Wellington, Spanish resistance continued for over five years in a guerra de guerrillas which gave the world the concept and the term guerrilla warfare. The autocratic Fernando VII was restored to the throne in 1814, and his first act was to abolish the progressive Constitution of Cadiz adopted in 1812.
The Wars of Independence of Spain's Latin American colonies were inspired partly by the ideas of the French encyclopédistes, partly by the example of the American and French Revolutions, and partly by Spain's own resistance to French domination. Argentina achieved independence in 1816. Simón Bolívar of Caracas led a freedom movement that was to sweep South America and earned him the title El Libertador. By 1840 all the mainland Spanish colonies were independent. Others who played a crucial roles in the independence struggles of Spain's colonies during the nineteenth century include Hidalgo, Morelos and Guerrero (Mexico), Sucre and Miranda (Venezuela, Peru), San Martín, Brown and Belgrano (Argentina), O'Higgins, San Martín (Chile), Céspedes and Martí (Cuba).
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