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- Chicanos are Mexican Americans, the descendants of Mexican immigrants living in the United States. For long looked down on by Americans of European descent, Chicano society has found a new pride in its origins and culture. There are numerous Chicano radio stations and cultural organizations in the United States and many universities and colleges now offer courses in Chicano Studies.
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- Spain had three civil wars known as the guerras carlistas (1833-39, 1860, 1872-76). When Fernando VII died in 1833, he was succeeded not by his brother the Infante Don Carlos de Borbón, but by his daughter Isabel, under the regency of her mother María Cristina. This provoked a mainly northern-Spanish revolt, with local guerrillas pitted against the forces of the central government. The Carlist Wars were also a confrontation between conservative rural Catholic Spain, especially the Basque provinces and Aragón, led by the carlistas, and the progressive liberal urban middle classes allied with the army. Carlos died in 1855, but the carlistas, representing political and religious traditionalism, supported his descendants' claims until reconciliation in 1977 with King Juan Carlos.


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- descendiente αρσ θηλ




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- descendiente αρσ θηλ


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