The cost of a defined benefit plan is not easily calculated, and requires an actuary or actuarial software.
en.wikipedia.org Topics covered in the exams include statistics, mathematics, finance, economics, insurance, enterprise risk management, and actuarial science.
en.wikipedia.org The first five (preliminary) exams consist mostly of core mathematics related to actuarial science including probability, statistics, interest theory, life contingencies, and risk models.
en.wikipedia.org If the surviving spouse starts benefits before normal retirement age, there is an actuarial reduction.
en.wikipedia.org The group is composed of undergraduate students from a variety of disciplines such as economics, finance, psychology, actuarial mathematics, statistics, and marketing.
en.wikipedia.org