This deterioration is then accelerated by freeze-thaw cycling of water in the cracks, which, again, causes the surface to spall.
en.wikipedia.org The surface of the then 60-year old dam was severely damaged, showing evidence of cracks, spalling, and some water leakage.
en.wikipedia.org At the site of the fire, the concrete lining of the walls spalled down to the ribs of the cast-iron primary lining.
en.wikipedia.org Some modified silane sealers impregnate deeply enough to protect against salt attack, such as efflorescence, spalling, picture framing and freeze-thaw spalling.
en.wikipedia.org It is claimed that such composite materials can provide protection like metal armor with a composite spall liner, but at a lighter weight, saving fuel.
en.wikipedia.org